• 3
    Haplo
    Score
  • 0
    Triplo
    Score

Gene Facts External Data Attribution

HGNC Symbol
APOB (HGNC:603) HGNC Entrez Ensembl OMIM UCSC Uniprot GeneReviews LOVD LSDB ClinVar
HGNC Name
apolipoprotein B
Gene type
protein-coding gene
Locus type
gene with protein product
Previous symbols
No previous names found
Alias symbols
ApoB-100
%HI
12.78(Read more about the DECIPHER Haploinsufficiency Index)
pLI
0(Read more about gnomAD pLI score)
LOEUF
0.46(Read more about gnomAD LOEUF score)
Cytoband
2p24.1
Genomic Coordinates
GRCh37/hg19: chr2:21224301-21266945 NCBI Ensembl UCSC
GRCh38/hg38: chr2:21001429-21044073 NCBI Ensembl UCSC
MANE Select Transcript
NM_000384.3 ENST00000233242.5 (Read more about MANE Select)
Function
Apolipoprotein B is a major protein constituent of chylomicrons (apo B-48), LDL (apo B-100) and VLDL (apo B-100). Apo B- 100 functions as a recognition signal for the cellular binding and internalization of LDL particles by the apoB/E receptor. (Source: Uniprot)

Dosage Sensitivity Summary (Gene)

Dosage ID:
ISCA-29669
Curation Status:
Complete
Issue Type:
Dosage Curation - Gene
Haploinsufficiency:
Sufficient Evidence for Haploinsufficiency (3)
Triplosensitivity:
No Evidence for Triplosensitivity (0)
Last Evaluated:
04/09/2020

Haploinsufficiency (HI) Score Details

HI Score:
3
HI Evidence Strength:
Sufficient Evidence for Haploinsufficiency (Disclaimer)
HI Disease:
  • familial hypobetalipoproteinemia 1 Monarch
HI Evidence:
  • PUBMED: 27179706
    Rimbert et al. (2016) studied eight individuals with familial hypobetalipoproteinemia (FHBL) diagnosis. Targeted next generation sequencing was performed and detected four heterozygous pathogenic nonsense variants that were absent from ExAC database. The first APOB variant (p.Gln845*) was found in 49 years-old female (II:2 of family I) presenting with low LDL-C (20mg/dL). The same variant was inherited in her sons (III:1 and III:2) who also had low LDL-C levels, where son (III:2) exhibited hepatic steatosis without increased liver enzymes; other unaffected family members did not carry the variant. The second APOB variant (p.Gln2571*) was identified in a 41 year-old male (II:1 of family II) presenting with low LDL-C (38 mg/dL), pre-diabetes and liver steatosis (no family study). The third APOB variant (p.Cys2933*) was detected in a 24 year-old female (II:2 in family III) with low LDL-C level (28 mg/dL). Her mother and sister also harbored the same variant and had low LDL-C level. The fourth variant (p.Ser3718*) was seen in an 84 year-old male (1:I of family IV) with low LDL-C level (33mg/dL). His son (II:1) and two grand-children (III:1 and III:2) harbored the same variant and had low level of LDL-C. His son alone also had type 2 diabetes, severe non-alcoholic steatohepatitis with precirrhotic lesions and well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma. All four variants generated truncated proteins. The truncated forms of the p.Gln845* (94 kDa) and p.Gln2571* (289 kDa) variants were not visible in plasma, whilst the truncatd forms of the p.Cys2933* (330 kDa) and pSer3718* (418 kDa) variants could be secreted by the liver and lipidated.
  • PUBMED: 1527480
    Farese et al. (1992) using SDS-polyacrylamide gel demonstrated heterozygous APOB gene mutation in ten subjects (I-2, I-3, II-2, II-3, II-7, II-9, III-4, III-5, III-6 and III-7) with hypobetalipoproteinemia (FHBL) due to low level of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (mean: 49.7 mg/dL) and plasma apoB (mean: 24.5 mg/dL). The mutation was a C to A transversion in exon 26 of APOB gene, hence, converting Ser-3750 (TCA) into a premature stop codon (TAA) (p.Ser3750*). This generated an apoB-83 truncated protein. Interestingly, a newly unique Mse I restriction endonuclease site was found in the APOB gene with the mutation. In the very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) of the affected subjects, the concentration of the apoB-83 level was invariably lower than apoB-100. In the LDL fractions from fasting or postprandial plasma, the apoB-83 level was virtually undetectable.
  • PUBMED: 2843815
    Collins et al. (1988) describe two families with truncating variants in APOB and familial hypobetalipoproteinemia. The first proband was an individual ".. under investigation for fat malabsorption. Examination showed no neurological or retinal disease. She had apo-B plasma levels that were less than 2% of normal and > 50% acanthocytes...[B]oth [of the proband's] parents had total plasma cholesterol and apo-B levels below the 5th percentile for their age and sex on each of several occasions on which they were measured (table 1). These are the accepted criteria for diagnosis of heterozygous hypobetalipoproteinaemia. [Each of the parents] had 10% acanthocytes. Plasma HDL levels were normal." The second proband was the mother of a child undergoing investigation for fat malabsorption. Both the mother and child were diagnosed has having hypobetalipoproteinemia, and both were found to be heterozygous for the truncating variant.
HI Evidence Comments:
Additional Evidence: Whitfield et al. (2003) (PMID: 12872264): Describe 2 nonsense, 2 frameshift, and 1 splice-site variants in APOB in five different families with hypobetalipoproteinemia, including both heterozygotes and homozygotes. Additional putative LOF variants are available in the following PMIDs: 1619363; 2567736; 30782561; 14732481; 24503134; 12124991; 26073401; 29572815; 27135400; 17570373; 15805152, etc. Both heterozygous and homozygous LOF variants in the APOB gene have been associated with hypobetalipoproteinemia. From Burnett et al. 2012 (PMID: 22588666): "Familial hypobetalipoproteinaemia is characterised by low levels (<5th percentile for age and sex) of plasma apoB-containing lipoproteins. It has been suggested that familial hypobetalipoproteinaemia might represent a longevity syndrome and be associated with cardiovascular protection due to resistance to atherosclerosis. Heterozygotes are usually asymptomatic with LDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein (apo) B concentrations approximately one-third of those in normal plasma. Homozygous famlial hypobetalipoproteinaemia is clinically characterised by the absence of apoB-containing lipoproteins and the clinical features resemble those of abetalipoproteinaemia; fat malabsorption, acanthocytosis, marked hypocholesterolaemia and deficiency of apoB. Most cases are complicated by retinitis pigmentosa, spinocerebellar ataxia and myopathy." Of note, missense variants that prevent LDLs from effectively attaching to their receptors on the surface of cells result in a different condition, familial hypercholesterolemia.

Triplosensitivity (TS) Score Details

TS Score:
0
TS Evidence Strength:
No Evidence for Triplosensitivity (Disclaimer)

Genomic View

Select assembly: (NC_000002.11) (NC_000002.12)